Discuss how international management is different from domestic Essay

Discuss how international management is different from domestic management - Essay Example It is also noted that the involved countries have widespread variations in the currencies (Brooke, 1996). This paper seeks to discuss the factors that set aside international management from domestic management. International management, as used in this context, refers to the process of carrying out business activities and operations on the international setting (Mordern, 2004). As such the management is concerned with the establishment of good relations with other countries. As noted, management takes into consideration the diversity in cultural aspects often associated with transactions with other international business organizations. International management is asked with a responsibility to perform supervisory services on the practices involved in the business, as well as operation in foreign countries. This happens because of the partnerships, mergers, as well as out sourcing of the workforce (Mordern, 2004). Such operations and practices help the company to achieve its targets. Moreover, international management is brought by the changing trends in the operations of business which challenges the capability of the organization in handling the changes (Mordern, 2004). This implies that international management incorporates some of the traditional management practices and techniques in order to achieve its primary goal. The traditional management techniques are altered in a manner to fit the standards of global management. It should be noted that international standards take in consideration of legal and ethical issues as well as the multicultural aspects in order to avail the services to expanded population (Rodriques, 2009). Furthermore, international management oversees the operations in a number of facilities within the foreign land, this is normally seen as a move to woo the international population (Goodertham and Nordhaug, 2003). Domestic management, on the other hand, refers to the traditional type of management that is normally carried out in a part icular region or a country (Thomas, 2002). It should be noted that the primary target for domestic management is slightly different from international management. With domestic management involving a single country, international management, involves operations between two or more countries (Thomas, 2002). By examining the primary target for the international and domestic management, it can be established that international management might be said to be inclusive of the larger market population in different regions across the world, while domestic management covers only a small population within the country of operation. However, when international management is examined in relation to the global management, it can be established that the target market appears as an average population (Brooke, 1996). Following that, it becomes evident that international management appears to be more demanding in the context of operation techniques and strategies as well as the necessary resources d ue to the wider scope. In terms of human resource management, it can be pointed out that international human resource management focuses on the diverse cultural differences as well as legal and ethical issues relating to the cultural settings (Rodrigues, 2009). On the other hand, domestic human resource management is guided by state laws and the ethical issues as such, such that little change can be done in their management strategies and

Methodology Chapter (2) Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Methodology Chapter (2) - Dissertation Example Figure 2.1 In vitro effects of sildenafil on murine embryo development 2.1.2 In vivo effects of sildenafil on murine embryo development This part of the experiment was not conducted due to requirement for changes in the license. However, the in vivo effects on the development of oocyte would have been examined by injecting sildenafil on female mice for a period of four days with the following three doses: 0.5 mg/kg, 1.5mg/kg and 2.5mg/kg. Afterwards, the female mice would be mated naturally with males; then one-day old zygotes would be harvested from sacrificed females. The number of oocytes and corpora lutea recorded would be used to determine the rate of ovulation. Thereafter, the embryos would be grown to blastocysts again in a media not supplemented with sildenafil. The quality of development of the embryos would then be determined by examining their development rate, and assessing the numbers of the blastocyst cells (figure 2.2). Figure 2.2 In Vivo effects of sildenafil on murin e embryo development 2.1.3 Expression of PDE5a in the mouse pre-implantation embryo The experiment was conducted by examining the presence of PDE5 mRNA in murine embryos at the successive stages of embryo development. The embryos used for study were obtained from mice that had been mated naturally. On the other hand, the blastocysts had been cultured in standard conditions. 2.2 Sildenafil Citrate purification from commercially available Viagra tablets In both the in vitro and in vivo experiments, sildenafil had been cleansed from commercially available Viagra tablets by leaving 20g sephadex G-25 overnight to swell in 100ml of distilled water. A column of 80ml was then applied with the sephadex gel and equilibrated in 100ml of distilled water at room temperature. A Viagra tablet of 38mg was then placed in 91.2ml of distilled water and slowly mixed with a magnetic stirrer at room temperature for a period of twenty minutes. It was then filtered for 20 minutes under a temperature of 4 d egrees Celsius. The liquid in which sildenafil has been dissolved was then applied on the column. The column was rinsed with the Viagra solution just before it was flushed with 400ml of water to wash away any possible small molecules. This way, only sildenafil was left precipitated to resin. The column was then applied with 1% Formic acid to rinse the sildenafil off. The absorbance of the rinsed solution was then observed and according to Francis et al. (2003), the rinsed sildenafil had a sharp peak absorbance at 40ml (Figure 3.1). Figure 3.1 Elution of pure sildenafil from sephadex column After sildenafil was rinsed, the column was washed again with 160ml or distilled water to eliminate the formic acid. After the column was free of formic acid, it was then washed with 320ml of 0.2% sodium azide in order to preserve it for later use. The rinsed sildenafil was then frozen at temperatures of -80 degrees Celsius. It was then dried by freezing it in a high vacuum. This was done by first sublimating the contents for a period of 8 hours at 0.37 mbar and under a temperature of -53 degrees Celsius, then desorbing it at 0.001 mbar for 3 hours. The weight of the crystallized contents was determined by examining the rate of absorbance of sildenafil over the whole sildenafil that had been eluted, assuming that there had been a recovery rate of 60%. The eluted sildenafil was then dissolved in 0.1% formic acid in order to obtain the normal concentration of refined