Russian History Essays - Russian Nationalism,

Russian History Russian History Russia has always played a major roll in global politics, economics and thought. However, in the past two centuries, Russia has had probably the greatest influence on the international world in modern times, surpassed only by the United States. The Russia that we've known this century though, has its roots in last centuries Russian. At the end of the nineteenth century, Russia experienced great changes internally, politically, socially and spiritually. The half century leading up to the Communist revolution in 1917 was a time filled with sweeping changes, literary triumphs and military defeat. All of these factors played in the eventual revolution and not only affected politics and thought in Russia, but in every nation on earth. After the defeat of the Russian army in the Crimean War, Russian realized that it needed to modernize its country, socially and militarily. Alexander II realized that to modernize mean that Russia needed to westernize. So in 1861 he emancipated the serfs from bondage. The emancipation was mean to bridge the gap between the elite and the general population, but was not the first of such liberal western type reforms. Catherine and Peter the Great had also made western type reforms during their respective reigns. All of their reforms, and especially Alexander's, were influenced by western thought. These thought were introduced into Russia by its Western European educated ruling class. Under Alexander II, the ruling class began to see serfdom as an immoral part of society. This moral problem was accompanied by the economics of the day, and the ethical conclusion was that serfdom must be dismantled. The abolition of serfdom was Alexander II greatest contribution to history. However, the 'Liberating Czar' enacted a whole series of fundamental changes including; comprehensive reform of the judicial system that finally introduced the unheard of idea of equality, trial by jury, public proceedings in legal matters and the impartiality of the courts. In the end though, none of these reforms really solved any of Russia's social or economic problems, eventually called the 'accursed questions'. These were taken up by the various political groups and writers of the time. The writers however were the most important. To Russians, the writer is not only looked upon as an artist of the word, but also as a guide and teacher in a deeper sense. The writer is supposed to understand life better than ordinary mortals, so it's his duty to impart this knowledge to others in appropriate shape and form. The reign of Alexander II was an age of great literary achievement, the 'Golden Age' of the Russian novel. Almost all of the great works of Russian fiction were produced during this time. The best minds were attracted to the novel, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and Asakov all produced some of the greatest literary works of all time during this period. All of the writers during this time belonged to a political school of thought, and while some of the schools worked for similar aims, they were all different and each one possessed its own unique ideals. The Slavophiles were probably the oldest of the political schools at the time. The Slavophiles during the reign of Alexander II were of the second generation, and they were the ones to turn the Slavophile myth of old into a real modern political program. This program included the endorsement of the Orthodox religion and a patrimonial monarchy. The Slavophiles believed in the inherent virtue and goodness of the Russian people and culture. A main part of this culture was the ideal of 'sobornost', that is, the communal spirit. The Slavophiles saw this in action in the peasant communes, and believed that communalism in conjunction with Christian communal worship would become the source of Russia's sorely needed moral and cultural regeneration. In accordance with Russia's regeneration, Slavophiles saw the west as corrupt and immoral. They saw Russia's destiny as one in which it would save the west from spiritual decay. Fyodor Dostoevsky was Slavophilisms more down-to-earth and democratic member. He was also the movements' most effective proponent. In his book "Discourse on Pushkin", Dostoevsky describes the Slavophile position. The major opponents of the Slavophile position were the western influenced Nihilists. These leftist radicals rejected religion, the authority of the state, the family, social conventions and aesthetic values as irrelevant. They were highly influenced by Western Europe in their atheism and material positivism. They flaunted the social rules and conventions of the day, they wore dark sunglasses, men wore their hair long and the women short. They were also socialists, but unlike their Slavophile counterparts, they did not believe in a utopia. The nihilists had many sympathizers in

What to Do If You Miss Class in College

What to Do If You Miss Class in College In contrast to high school, missing a class in college can often feel like no big deal. Its rare for college professors to take attendance, and if youre only one student out of hundreds in a large lecture hall, you might feel like no one noticed your absence. So what if anything do you need to do if you miss class in college? Contact Your Professor Consider emailing or calling the professor.  You dont always have to let your professor know if you missed class, but you should at least think carefully about whether or not you need to say something. If you missed one relatively uneventful lecture in a class with hundreds of people, you might not need to say something. But if you missed a small seminar class, definitely touch base with your professor. A quick message apologizing for missing class because you had the flu, for instance, should work. Similarly, if you missed a major exam or a deadline for turning in an assignment, youll need to touch base with your professor as soon as possible. Note: If you do miss class, dont mention why if your reason was ridiculous (I was still recovering from my fraternity party this weekend!) and dont ask if you missed anything important. Of course,  you missed important things, and implying otherwise will just insult your professor. Talk to Classmates Check in with your classmates about what material you missed.  Dont assume you know what happened in class, regardless of how previous class sessions have gone. For all you know, your professor mentioned that the midterm has been moved up by a week, and your friends wont remember to tell you this key detail until (and unless) you ask. Perhaps people were assigned small study groups and you need to know which one you now belong to. Perhaps a comment was made about some material that will be covered on an upcoming exam. Perhaps the professor announced a change in office hours or when the final exam will take place. Knowing what content was scheduled to be covered in class is not the same as knowing what actually happened. Keep Your Professor in the Loop Let your professor know if you expect to miss class again sometime soon.  If, for example, you have a family emergency to deal with, let your professor know whats going on. You dont need to go into too much detail, but you can (and should) mention the reason for your absence. Letting your professor know that a family member passed away and that youll be gone the rest of the week to travel home for the funeral is a smart and respectful message to send along. If youre in a small class or lecture, your professor might plan their class activities differently knowing that one (or more) students will be absent on a certain day. Additionally, if you have something going on that requires more than an absence or two, youll want to let your professor (and dean of students) know in case you start to fall behind on your coursework. Letting your professor know why youre missing class so much can help you work together to find a solution; leaving a professor out of the loop about your class abse nces will only further complicate your situation. If you do miss class, just be smart about communicating when necessary and setting yourself up for a successful rest of the semester as much as possible.

Significant detail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Significant detail - Essay Example The narrator describes her routine with Jorg, how he would order them food and watch television with her, and then â€Å"leave the house again,† and how she would be in bed by the time he gets back (page 22). From this we get the sense that the narrator has fallen into her familiar pattern of pretending nothing that happens is actually happening to her. She describes her life from a distance, as if she is a character in a movie. However, one day while doing this she sees some scissors on a desk and decides to act. The scissors are described in great detail, and in a very strange manner as well. Not only are they â€Å"long† and â€Å"narrow†, but there are â€Å"two angular little men† standing atop the blades (page 22). The narrator then becomes suddenly unsure of who she is sleeping with, describing him not as Jorg but as â€Å"a man whose name was probably Jorg† (page 22). She is starting to lose track of reality, and cannot be certain of anything any more. But this scene gets even stranger, as the narrator decides to kill Jorg. She holds the scissors on top of her â€Å"in the dark† so he cant see them, and he â€Å"flung himself on top of me and the scissors pierced his flesh† (page 23). The matter of fact way the mans death is described is very disturbing. And the details are quite graphic, as she describes feeling the scissors pop through his spine and out of the flesh on his back, and how â€Å"his eyes swelled and popped† (page 23). But probably the strongest part of this episode, and the thing which makes it so important in understanding the narrator and how she relates to the world around her, is how she describes her feelings after what is essentially a murder, even if it is an understandable murder because of how Jorg kidnapped her. As the mans corpse falls next to her in the bed, she felt â€Å"as if there might be peace in the room for a while† (page 23). While peace is a good thing, the narrator feels like the only way she can get

TCP - People Resourcing and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

TCP - People Resourcing and Development - Essay Example HRM of public sector may be out of control of the costs spent on this and can offer only those rewards that are alternative to the commercial ones. Overell (2003) observes that in such fields as health and education, both push and pull factors are significant, while in governance, extensive use of the agency workforce is mainly caused by internal functional mismanagement, or â€Å"functional turnover† (Torrington et.al. 2008, p. 197). One more factor is merely mentioned with only superficial description: it is systematic change that could have balancing impact on public health sector (Overell 2003). In fact this means that an entire culture of service should be changed. Redman and Wilkinson (2009) are more specific about this situation in public sector (which may also apply to education): â€Å"a healthcare provision has changed from being a citizen’s right to a customer service †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.5). Accordingly, health care specialists show less orientation toward work ethics and more self-evaluation in terms of market than they did before. This tendency may be the main factor that forced the authors of the article to unite so different public sector careers as health care and governance in one â€Å"problem†. A 2008 review of the agency working in the UK by EMAR (Employment Market Analysis and Research) reveals that the wages of agency workers tend to be the same or lower than those of full time employees (p.7); that, furthermore, 63% of all agency workers chose this type of occupation because there were no other employment opportunities, and it was only below a third of them that actually did not want a permanent job (p. 13); and that 50% of agency workers â€Å"would accept their temporary job on a permanent basis† (p. 16). This means that working for agencies is actually not a privilege, as suggested by the article, but rather a necessity for good many workers. At the same time, according to the EMAR report,

Social and Economic Concerns in Public Health Essay

Social and Economic Concerns in Public Health - Essay Example Presently, the analysis of public health brings into play social and economic concerns, which were previously overlooked. Despite the expanded focus of this discipline, it has however not shifted its focus, which is the well-being of the community. Public health integrates science and art to establish methodical ways of ensuring the populations is healthy. The systematic ways may be reactive or proactive depending on the health risk or predicament that is being addressed. Modern public health undertakings entail education, which provides a platform upon which the masses and respective communities may be enlightened on how to live in a healthy way. Over the last century, public health has evolved and developed massively. One of the key milestones achieved is the increase in life expectancy. The increase in life expectancy is an indication of the improvement in the public health’s ability to address ailments, which often causes death. Some the key statistics that reflect the pro gressed realized include infant mortality, which denotes the death of children at birth or in their early years (Pfizer Global Pharmaceuticals 5). Over the last one hundred years, public health has also dealt blows to cancerous ailments such as lung cancer, which caused numerous deaths in the 1960s and 1970s. However, when delving into the milestone achieved, it is vital to look at food safety and vaccination, which are proactive ways of enhancing health in communities. Vaccination has helped deal with ailments such as polio on a global scale. Enhanced food safety has also resulted in reduced cases of ailments such as food poisoning, typhoid, and the spread of harmful pathogens that may trigger other ailments. The emergent of a global aspect in public health has necessitated opening up paradigms through which scholars study public health.  

Creating Marketing Value for Games

Creating Marketing Value for Games Products face a lot of challenges to succeed and keep its marketing value especially with the fast development and the huge types of products. According to Ulrich Eppinger (2008), to evaluate the performance of successful product development needs to follow the five dimensions, which are product quality, product cost, development time, development cost and development capability (p.2). Games are similar to any other product need to be successful and have a long life to compete with many other kinds. Games can be classified into genres such as toys, card games, multi-person games, electronic / video games and apps games. Every game of these genres follows the different strategy of development and has some features, which make it communal. To know the secret of success and longevity for each game we should study them with more details. Toys are most popular games and can be divided into many types. LEGOS are one of the most common toys, which have many geometrical shapes and colors. Several features make these toys are successful and have high demand by costumers. First, they are made of robust plastic material. This type of material is designed in many forms and colors, which gives the specialists high tolerance to develop this game by adding numbers, letters and figures such as cars, trains, and animals. Second, the low price cost is one of the important features, which make these toys are affordable for each consumer. According to the size, material, and the shape of sets, the LEGO has a different price. Third, these types of games are fit for male, female and for different ages. Usually, when parents buy toys from supermarket, they should check the age and gender, but LEGO is suitable for all. Fourth, they are safe even for small kids. Big pieces can be used safely because the kids cannot swallow them. Finally, LEGO group has development capability for the future to change the plastic material to be friendlier to the environment. According to Roar (2015), Today, the LEGO Group announces a significant investment of DKK 1 billion dedicated to research, development, and implementation of new, sustainable, raw materials to manufacture LEGOÂÂ ® elements as well as packaging materials. Generally, the robust material, the low price, the gender, the safety usage and the future vision of development are the most important features, which have made LEGOS popular. Card games are one of the popular game all over the world.Poker and cards are common types of card games. There are several features, which make these games popular. First, they have many ways to play and every way has specific rules. For instance, in Iraq cards can be played by two or four players, each player plays with fourteen cards and must collect at least two pairs with three cards and the total number should be fifty- one. Also, in America, this game can be played in different ways such as gin rummy, blackjack, and bridge. Second, this game is considered as a commercial game. Many players get much money by playing card games either online or at famous cities. For example, Las Vegas is a famous city, which has many special places for playing poker. Third, they are very cheap and affordable everywhere. Card games can be bought for less than ten dollars for one package. Fourth, they have simple rules and easy to learn so, everyone can play card games. Even though a player doesnt have much experience can play and get much fun. Finally, they are not heavy and can be carried everywhere like public places, transportation, etc. Generally, the way of playing, the profit, the low price, the easy rules and the weight of package are most popular features, which have made card games have success and longevity. Multi-person games usually are played by tow or more than two person. Monopoly is one of the most popular Multi-person game. This game has some features that make it popular and success. First, Monopoly is designed to play by a team either among friends or family. For instance, to play it you need to persuade at least two and then should struggle to stay playing and eliminate the others so, it makes much fun and challenge among players. Second, rules of this game has been developed to be easy and simple for everyone. Although, it has a lot of pieces, papers, and the player should have some strategies, but it is easy to learn and play. Third, it is not expensive and sold everywhere. Even though monopoly has different edition such as classic and ultimate banking, but the price is very cheap. Finally, monopoly is played in many countries and in different languages. It is popular everywhere and can be different for every cultures. Generally, the design, development rules, the low price a nd country of origin are the most features, which have made this game successful and popular.

Evaluation of the Financial Performance of a Chemical Company Essay

Evaluation of the Financial Performance of a Chemical Company The Lee Chew Cheng Wong Chemical Company produces high quality speciality chemicals, and it exports around 85% of its output to many countries and regions. Since the establishment in the mid 1980 this company has emphasized the shareholder value. To keep this focus, a new Chief Executive Lee Shan Loke Teo has proposed a lot of new policies. This assignment evaluates the financial rations with Sun See Chemical Company and average industry, and presents the financial effect of the proposal that Lee Shan Loke Teo adopts. That final section shows the recommendation of costing system and capital expenditure budget. Evaluate the financial performance As the profit and loss account shows, the Lee Chew Wong Chemical CompanyÂ’s net sales decreased from $5.6m to $4.2m, and the gross profit reduced from $1.8m to $1.5m, while in 20x9 the retained profit of the company reached the peak of $0.4m during this period. Although the sale volumes decreased, the profits went up. From the financial statement it can be found that the difference is due to the large operation expenses which eliminate the profit between 20x8 and 20x9, and the less retained profit also results the decrease of Earning per share. Therefore, the EPS and Retained Profit in 20x9 were higher than 20x8 and 20x7. As regards the balance sheet, in 20x9 the total asset of the company increased significantly compared to 20x8 and 20x7, because the fixed assets increased apparently but it also resulted the shortage of cash in 20x9. In the liability section, as follows as the increasing retained profit, in 20x9 shareholders equity (reserves) also climbed a lot. As far as we considered the financial ratios (Table1), from 20x7 to 20x9 the profitability ratios improved dramatically due to the less cost of sales and operating expense. The liquidity ratios become worse, because the growing fixed assets resulted in the lack of liquid asset. The following part is going to compare financial performance with its major rival, Sun See Chemical Industry. Table 1 ======= The Lee Chew Wong Chemical Performance Ratios 20x9 20x8 20x7 20x9 Industry averages Gross profit to sales (%) 35.71 33.33 32.14 44 Operating profit to sales (%) 21.43 13.33 14.46 30 Return on capital ... ...1998), Costing, an Introduction, 4th Edition Dyson, J.R. (1997), Accounting for Non-accounting Students, Pitman Publishing. Elliott, B. and Elliott, J. (2002) Financial Accounting, Reporting and Analysis, International Edition, Istvan D.F. (1970). Capital-Expenditure Decisions: how they are made in large corporations. Indiana University. Jones R.L., Trentin H.G. (1971). Budgeting: Key to planning and control. American Management Association, Inc. Lewis, R. and Pendrill, D. (1996), Advanced Financial Accounting, 6th edition Louderback, J.G., Maurice, L. and Hirsch, J.R. (1982), Cost Accounting, Accumulation, Analysis, and Use, Wadsworth International Student Edition Pike, R. and Neale, B. (year), Corporate Finance and Investment-Decision and Strategies, 4th edition, Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Pike R.H., Wolfe M.B. (1988). Capital Budgeting for the 1990’s. A Review of investment trends in larger companies. The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. Wood’s, F. (1993), Business Accounting, Pitman Publishing. http://teachmefinance.com/costofcapital.html http://www.dod.mil/comptroller/icenter/learn/abconcept.pdf http://www.expectationsinvesting.com/tutorial8.shtml

Ingredient Branding of Industrial Goods

Ingredient Branding of Industrial Goods: A case study of two distinct different automotive suppliers Waldemar Pfoertsch[1] / Johannes Rid[2] / Christian Linder[3] Abstract This paper concerns ingredient branding; more specifically, ingredient branding for industrial goods. Although research in ingredient branding has been quite intensive in the area of fast moving consumer goods, considerably less research has been carried out for industrial goods. In this paper, the authors provide insight into whether successful ingredient branding can be transferred to industries where it has not been a common phenomenon: automotive suppliers.Two major companies in the automotive industry are analyzed in this paper: Autoliv, a major player in car-safety supplies and equipment like seat belts and airbags, and Bosch, producers of a large variety of car components, like diesel and gasoline injection systems, braking components (e. g. ABS and ESP), and starting motors and alternators. The findings inc lude enormous potential for B2B companies in the field of ingredient branding. Car suppliers, for instance, have rarely used the option of branding their ingredients at the finished product.The authors give a historical perspective, show e. g. that ABS braking system, invented by German supplier Bosch would have been a perfect candidate for branding to the final customer. In the purchasing decision of potential car buyers, the ingredient ABS, provided by a strong ingredient manufacturer (e. g. Bosch) could have led to a preference of buying a specific car, and in the end, added to the supplier’s reputation and revenue. 1. Leveraging the brand We now live in a world where consumers receive thousands of impressions and messages every day.Ever increasing competition makes it more difficult for a message to reach the audience and target group, with the consequence that it becomes harder for a consumer to differentiate between brands. Furthermore, as competitive advantages and inn ovations are copied at a higher speed, products and services become more alike. In this kind of environment, it is important for producers to find a position for their product or service in order to focus and clarify the attributes that make their product unique to the customer.In response to this current business environment, research and best practice show that more and more firms have come to the realization that one of their most valuable assets is the brand name associated with their products or services. (Keller,2003, Pfoertsch/Mueller, 2006). Producers understand that powerful brands are beneficial to the company: â€Å"Brands, therefore, are genuine assets and, like other forms of asset, they can appreciate considerably as a result of careful management and development. † (Blackett, in: Murphy, 1989).Kotler/Pfoetsch (2006) have proved that B2B branding offers strong competitive advantages, â€Å"by implementing a holistic brand approach companies can accelerate and i ncrease their overall success† compared to companies that do not go the path of B2B branding. Brands should be seen in a holistic manner where all activities of a company should be integrated to get the maximum advantage (Kotler/Pfoertsch, 2006). Strategic success might be achieved through leveraging the brand, because the brand is one of the most strategic and worthy assets a firm owns.Possibilities to leverage the brand include line extensions, stretching the brand vertically, brand extensions, and co-branding (Pfoertsch/Schmid, 2005). Co-branding means that two brands form an alliance in one or several areas that lead to a new product branded with both brands. Ingredient branding, on the other hand, is a brand that is solely used as a component of a branded article (Riezebos, 2003). According to Norris (1992), there are two relevant criterias that must be fulfilled for ingredient branding. First, the component can only be bought and consumed by consumers as a part of the br anded article.Second, the brand name of the component is only used for such an ingredient (and not for ‘normal’ branded articles as well). 2. Can you ingredient brand where branding is not a common phenomenon? The reason companies start to co-operate is due to technological and psychological changes of the business environment. There are two reasons why this occurs (Uggla, 2000): First, technology and new distribution patterns open up new possibilities for cooperation where brand extension and brand alliances become more interesting from a strategic point of view.Second, consumers look for risk reduction, and brand extension and brand alliances might be the right strategies to reduce consumer risk. Strategies to meet the demands of a changing world are co-branding and ingredient branding. There are some good examples of ingredient branding of durable goods on the market, such as Shimano as a component supplier of cycles, and Intel in the computer industry. Intel, for in stance, â€Å"positioned itself to be the heart and soul of personal computers.The strategy was to create a brand, and it worked – for PCs† (Karolefski, 2001). In other industries that produce industrial goods, like the car industry, ingredient branding has not been a common strategy. The primary question that guides us through this paper is: Is it possible for industrial goods industry like the automotive industry to adopt an ingredient brand when ingredient branding is not a common phenomenon? 3. Analyzing with real world data In this paper, real world data from two different companies were collected and compared.A qualitative approach was chosen, which enables us to analyze, understand and interpret the situation rather than giving standardized results. The aim was to understand the strategy of ingredient branding as a whole. Research was mainly based on collecting data through interviews with decision makers (respondent interviews), which implies that the interview s are of a strategic nature. A case study approach gives the possibility of getting deeper insight into a certain problem or situation and to ascertain how interviewees perceive their situations.The presented cases are Bosch and Autoliv, two companies representing the car SUPPLIER manufacturing industries. Since this study aims to help understand why and under what circumstances companies choose an ingredient brand strategy, the case study approach was seen as the most appropriate. The Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart offers a wide range of products to the market, both as a supplier to different kinds of manufactures, as well as a producer of consumer goods. It had 2007 a turnover of â‚ ¬46,7 billion and employs over 271,000 people in about 50 countries.Today, 70% of Bosch turnover is from the car industry – it is a pioneer in the automotive supplier industry, with products that include ABS and ESP, injection systems, brakes, starter motors and alternators. Another major car s upplier, Autoliv Inc. is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, the result of a merger between Autoliv of Sweden, founded in 1953, and the American company Automotive Safety Production, started in 1997. Autoliv of Sweden was the inventor of seat belts, which first came onto the market in 1956, and developed the first airbag for cars in 1980.Autoliv has about 30% market share in its segment on a worldwide basis, and employs about 6,000 people, with sales in 2004 of $ 5 billion. 4. Leveraging the brand for industrial goods If a company realizes that it cannot capitalize on its own brand alone, it might choose to capitalize on another brand. This implies that company A wants to â€Å"borrow† association of a brand from company B. It follows that company B in turn must also want to have something from A, since B must also benefit from its association with A.Generally speaking, three prerequisites must be fulfilled before company A and B collaborate: 1) Both companies must have suffi cient brand equity, otherwise they would not be able to â€Å"borrow out† any associations (Keller, 2003); 2) company A and B should have a common basis of associations, meaning that A and B’s identity should have a certain degree of fit (Riezebos, 2003); and 3) that company A should be able to â€Å"offer† associations which B does not have and vice versa (Park/Jun/Shocker, 1996). (1) Sufficient brand equity The first prerequisite in terms of brand identity is that both brands have ufficiently strong and unique associations; that both of the brands (ingredient and host brand) separately have enough brand equity (Keller, 2003, p. 362). In this study, the question is whether Autoliv and Bosch each offer enough brand equity so that they could be potentially interesting partners for a host brand seeking to leverage its brand identity. The brand equity of Bosch can be rated as high. Bosch has successfully leveraged its own brand with brand extensions and line extens ions. Bosch, in its beginnings, was a producer of car parts like starting motors and alternators.Over time, Bosch began to capitalize and leverage its own brand by extending their product range, including the development and production of power tools, mobile telephones, security systems, and industrial packing machines. The other company in this case study, the car safety producer Autoliv, is a well-known brand among B2B customers. Autoliv wants to work together with the best automotive companies in the field of car safety: â€Å"The identity of Autoliv is a company that always has the technical leadership in the area of car safety equipment like airbags and seat belts.Autoliv strives to always be the first with technical development in their area. † (Mats Odman, Autoliv). (2) Common basis of associations The second prerequisite is that the companies working together should have a certain degree of similarity in their brand identity (Riezebos, 2003). According to Keller (2003 ), the logical fit (image and product) between the two brands is the most important requirement for a successful collaboration between two brands.That means a) that both companies’ brand identities (host and ingredient brand) should be in correspondence with each other, and b) that the ingredient offers complementary brand associations. Main associations connected with Bosch are: quality and innovation. Most car manufacturers have these associations as well, therefore, a common basis of associations does exist. Bosch representatives say that â€Å"products from Bosch contribute key values to the brand such as a promise from Bosch about product quality. Bosch products are also innovative in the car industry which is reflected in their slogan ‘We bring innovation’, e. . Bosch was first to introduce engine injection systems with 1600 bar pressure† (Stefan Seiberth, Bosch). On the negative side, Bosch has the problem of being a supplier to virtually every car manufacturer in the world, and these car manufacturers have widely different brand identities (e. g. the brand identity of BMW is totally different than that of Volkswagen). Autoliv can be more precise in common associations. Autoliv aims to develop projects with car manufacturers that are striving for the latest technology in car safety, most likely with car manufacturers in the premium segment.A logical fit exists here because Autoliv has the same aim of technical leadership as the car manufacturers they choose to work together with. (3) Offering complementary associations Finally, cooperation between brands will only work if the partner brand offers complementary associations, which the host brand does not have, and vice versa (Park/Jun/Shocker, 1996). The concept of brand identity system is central here (Aaker, 1996), and includes the following definition: â€Å"Brand identity is a unique set of brand associations that the brand strategist desires to create or maintain.These as sociations represent what the brand stands for† (Aaker, 1996). Brand identity consists of twelve dimensions organized around four perspectives – the brand-as-product (product scope, product attributes, quality/value, uses, users, country of origin), brand-as-organization (organizational attributes, local versus global), brand-as-person (brand personality, brand-customer relationships), and brand-as-symbol (visual imagery/metaphors and brand heritage). Though not all perspectives might be appropriate for every brand, it should help firms to consider different brand elements to be able to enrich and differentiate their brand identity.The brand identity model is structured into core and extended identity. The core identity is the timeless and central essence of the brand. Therefore, it will most likely remain constant while the brand is stretched to new markets and products. The extended identity consists of brand identity elements, which complete the core identity, such a s a slogan, sub-brands, and the brand personality (e. g. reliable, American, German engineering, friendly). [pic] Figure 1: Aaker’s model for brand identity modified with results from the case studyTo be able to identify and analyze what the case companies Bosch and Autoliv have to offer to their partners (host brands) in terms of desirable attributes, the above figure based on Aaker’s (1996) model summarizes the most important advantages of the examined cases. The reader should note that this paper is based on a study from the supplier’s perspective (partner brand). Therefore, spill-over effects which the case companies might receive from the producer side are not examined. Bosch offers associations which the partner brand possibly does not have.Attributes like ‘German engineering’, ‘reliable’ and ‘innovation’ could be easily used and benefited from by car manufacturer building middle and lower-class cars. Autoliv’s contribution to collaboration is technical leadership. One could say that Autoliv is a premium brand in their field of competence, thus offering strong associations in quality. To summarize, we can conclude that brand equity is one of the most, if not the most, valuable assets a company has. The company’s brand identity is the most important factor in creating or pushing the company’s brand equity.Company’s management should continuously try to leverage the brand’s identity. Our case companies Bosch and Autoliv prove that leveraging is fully possible in the area of industrial goods 5. Fit between brands So far, the authors have analyzed whether the examined companies and the industrial goods sector could offer enough brand equity and possibilities to leverage. In other words, up until this part of the analysis, we have looked upon whether our case companies would be interesting partners for the producers in their industries, and if the case companies ful fill the prerequisites to make co-branding successful.Now let’s look closer into the fit of brands and the field of brand association base. Image transfer What does theory say about the transferring process? Riezebos (2003) defines image transfer through the term deductive inference, which is the deduction of results/conclusions from brand images already in existence. Deductive inference is important when associations from one brand or entity is carried over to another brand/entity.For the transfer process, a source, which consumers must have certain associations with in terms of where it comes from, and a target (inductive inference, meaning that the associations load the image of the target) is needed. In summary, image transfer is a positive transfer from source to target, and similarly a positive feedback from target to source (Riezebos, 2003). For transferring associations, it is both necessary that source and target have something in common (e. g. common brand name), an d that the target evokes certain brand associations.Ingredient branding and co-branding are brand-stretching strategies based on image transfer. Critical success factors for image transfer are 1) the sources’ level of brand-added value, 2) how the products are related to each other (target and source should only to a minor degree differ from each other), 3) the target group similarity (Park, 1991), and 4) family resemblance (different packages sharing the same facings). Brand association base Simonin and Ruth (1998) stress the fit between brands (and between the products), which significantly affects the attitudes towards the alliance.Leading researchers agree that companies should integrate the brands they cooperate with within their overall brand architecture. The authors have used the brand association base described by Uggla (2003) to examine the question of fit. The result can be seen in the figure below where the association base model has been modified with the finding s from the case studies. The association base is a relevant tool for this purpose – to organize brand alliances and the brand structure from a leader brand perspective and intention.The association base describes how brands can be organized together. The model contains four different core components: leader brand associations, partner brand associations, institutional associations and the customer’s brand image. In a cooperation of brands, the advantage for the leading brand is that it adds values and positive associations to the product. The partner brand gets access to the distributions channels leading to the end-consumer market. The collaboration between the leader brand and the partner will determine an association base.The customer will evaluate the perceived equity from the association base and shape a specific brand image (Uggla, 2001). Figure 2: Modified brand association base (Uggla, 2003) Bosch, as a car part producer with German quality and innovation as th eir base of associations, could definitely contribute to the car manufacturer’s base of associations as for Mercedes-Benz: Enduring Passion. Autoliv has valuable associations for a potential host brand in terms of car safety. On the other hand, Autoliv does not build brand value, Autoliv would be a weaker partner brand according to the collaboration theory.The partner brand should help to expand the base of associations of the leader brand, and the partner brand’s core identity should lead into the direction the leader brand wants to go to, and the direction should be defined by the leader brand. The partner brand should also help to strengthen the base of associations while bringing in exclusivity and differentiation. Once more, Bosch has proven to be a valuable partner when tested against this theory. Autoliv stands weaker in this respect because the company is not actively building brand equity towards the final customer.To summarize, Uggla (2003) suggests that a le ss familiar leader brand should be connected to a strong partner brand with high brand familiarity. A lesser-known and/or unfamiliar car manufacturer (e. g. Asian car manufacturers who want to enter new markets outside Asia) using Bosch in-car equipment, for example, would be a positive example of this guideline. Functional and emotional incentives for brand collaboration A way of defining the motives for collaboration is given by Uggla (2001). He suggests a model based on a matrix, which is divided into emotional and functional benefits, to be able to understand why brands engage in co-operation.The model is based upon Aaker’s theory about the brand’s identity, but focuses on how the components of the value proposition are divided and shared among partners. The model divides the brands engaged in co-operation to a leader brand and (one or more) partner brand(s). The leader brand can choose to develop own associations or choose to capitalize on other brands’ ass ociations. The partner brand’s contribution should be to expand to the leader brand’s base of associations and add critical physical and/or emotional attributes.Two different incentives for collaboration are functional and emotional benefits (Uggla, 2001). An example for a functional alliance is Intel because Intel contributes with a product (the processor for a computer) for which they have core competence. With emotional incentives, the aim of the leader brand is to endorse reputation (Cooke, 2000), which is the aim to get a better image and/or quality association with the help of the partner brand. On the other hand, the partner brand can profit from the leader brand’s functional attributes. [pic] Figure 3: Applied incentive model from leader and partner brand perspectiveThe authors have modified this model in respect to the case analysis (see Fig. 3). As mentioned above, a brand that wants to lend associations to another brand strong must have strong incenti ves that can be either functional or emotional. For car producers, working together with Bosch could gain core competence and expand the value proposition (e. g. Bosch as a technology leader in ESP, ABS and diesel technology). This is according to the theory (Uggla, 2003), which says that collaboration based on functional incentives implies that the one brand contributes with core competence.Bosch would also profit from brand collaboration through shared costs in R&D. Bosch might expand the legitimate territory for their products if the car manufactures allow Bosch to brand their ingredients. Accentuating emotional attributes are also a possibility for Bosch: â€Å"It is our strategy to position Bosch as an innovative, international, modern company† (Stefan Seiberth, Bosch). A car producer might also want to work together with Autoliv based on functional motives because Autoliv has core competency and is a leading manufacturer of car safety equipment (intelligent seat belts, irbags, etc. ). The focus for Autoliv is choosing partners who have a commitment to actively work with the development of safety in cars. As it is the case with Bosch, Autoliv would gain from collaborations by sharing costs for R&D. Emotional incentives are also important for the company and play a certain role in choosing partners for a new project, according to Autoliv. The image of the car manufacturer is important; therefore, the company strives to share development with car manufacturers in the premium segment† (Mats Odman, Autoliv).To summarize, according to the incentive model, both Bosch and Autoliv offer sufficient incentives, both from partner brand as well as from the leader brand perspective. 6. Results: Transferring successful ingredient branding to the car industry The authors have taken into account the findings from the secondary sources of Moon (2002), Aaker (1996), and Keller (2003), all of which present a deeper analysis of ingredient branding strategies, an d have compared these findings with the information from the car suppliers Bosch and Autoliv.We first want to emphasize that successful companies invest in and put the brand first. Moreover, the most effective strategy for a company is to become a brand-driven organization (Kotler/Pfoertsch, 2006). These companies not only differentiate themselves through their technology, but also through their level of service and through all employees working effectively towards the success of the brand, and thus, the company. In addition, ingredient branding is a form of multi-stage branding (Baumgarth, 2001). Therefore, the whole value chain, from (ingredient) producer to the final customer, needs to be considered.In the case of Bosch or Autoliv, the retailer, the producer of the final good, and the final customer need to be connected. This implies that all downstream markets need to be part of the strategy. Hillyer/Tikoo proved that consumers are cognitive misers (Hillyer/Tikoo, 1995). This me ans that consumers simply trust that a well-known manufacturer would not allow itself to collaborate with a low quality supplier. This has been proven with the success of Intel. Customers simply transferred the decision making to the computer manufacturers by trusting that the manufacturers have chosen the right microprocessor supplier, Intel.In terms of transferring these findings to the car industry, Autoliv could step into the shoes of Intel. Autoliv could act as a retrieval cue (Hillyer/Tikoo, 1995) for potential car buyers, where the car buyer trusts the car manufacturer to have picked a trustworthy brand in the area of car safety. Also, for a successful ingredient branding strategy, it is crucial that the right opportunity in time be identified. If we look at the success of Intel, often regarded as one of the most successful ingredient branders, one aspect that is different between Intel and the automotive industry is the timing of the ingredient branding.The computer industry matured during an era when computer sales were strongly on the rise accompanied by a period of increasing sensitivity to the value of branding (Cook, 2003). The car industry is already mature, therefore, the timing is not optimal for an ingredient brand strategy: â€Å"It would be great to replicate [Intel’s success in the automotive industry], but it’s 80 years too late to do it† (Klaus Deller, Bosch Group, in: Cook, 2003). The authors want to stress though, that even the car industry will offer windows of opportunities, especially when supplier come up with decisive inventions and innovations.Another factor to consider is that In contrast to the situation like Intel, where producers were actively looking for co-operations, car manufacturers often want to control their brand image and are currently not actively seeking brand collaboration with supplier. This fact makes the ingredient branding strategy even more complicated to implement. A solution to this woul d be for suppliers like Autoliv and Bosch to adopt a pull strategy by creating consumer demand.The pull principle is also the basic underlying concept that is best suited for ingredient branding, meaning that the ingredient manufacturer directly addresses the final customer (Pfoertsch/Schmid, 2005). Bosch is, through its automotive advertising campaigns in 2006 and 2007, on its way to utilizing such a strategy. Building strong association could even be implemented into the car industry. The OEM’s in the car industry could effectively promote their associations, which in the case of Bosch could be ‘braking safety’ (ABS, ESP), and ‘passenger safety’ (Airbags), in the case of Autoliv.The authors conclude that it is entirely possible for auto suppliers to establish an ingredient branding strategy. Bosch and Autoliv proved to have substantial possibilities for ingredient branding. This conclusion can be drawn through congruence of findings of the empirica l research with theory. It is vital to the success of the strategy, though, that the whole organization not only strives for the same objective, but also consistently delivers the brand promise. Only with this â€Å"quality thinking† in the organization, can an ingredient succeed in the final industrial good.And – not to forget – it is time-consuming to create and establish a brand. Therefore, the overall strategy needs to be a long-term engagement in the marketing and branding investment. 7. Suggestions for future research This paper has examined the question of ingredient branding as a viable strategy for producers of industrial goods. In particular, we tested automotive suppliers Autoliv and Bosch (Norris, 1992; Keller, 2003; Riezebos, 2003). Since the scope of this paper could only cover the basics of this question, it would be interesting to go deeper into other aspects.A question for further research would be to find out how a model of the appropriateness of ingredient branding could be derived. Further research could cover even more industry segments in B2B marketing, thereby giving deeper insights into why certain industries have seen companies with successful ingredient branding, while others have not. Additionally, to discuss questions about an implementation strategy for ingredient branding needs more insight and research, including a possible guideline for companies that have decided to brand its ingredient.Examples from other industries could also be examined since the implementation process is very complex and many aspects need to be considered. Literature Aaker, D. A. , and Joachimsthaler, E. , â€Å"Brand Leadership†, The Fress Press, New York, 2000 Aaker, D. A. , and Keller, K. L. , â€Å"Consumer Evaluations of Brand Extensions†, Journal of Marketing, 54, January 1990, pp. 27-41 Aaker, D. A. , Building Strong Brands, The Free Press, New York, 1996 Baumgarth, C. , Ingredient Branding. Begriff und theoretische Begrundung, in : Esch, F. -R. : Moderne Markenfuhrung, Wiesbaden 2001, p. 17-343 Blackett, T and Boad, B: Co-branding, the Science Of Alliance, Macmillan Business, Interbrand, England, 1999 Blackett, T. , The Nature of Brands, in: Murphy, John, Brand Valuation, Hutchinson Business Books, 1989, pp. 1-11. Cook, B. , Can Bosch spark its OEM brand? , www. brandchannel. com, 2003 Cooke, S. , and Ryan, P. , â€Å"Brand Alliances: From Reputation Endorsement to Collaboration on Core Competencies†, Irish Marketing Review, Vol. 13, 2000, p. 36-41 Hillyer, C. , and Tikoo, S. , â€Å"Effect of Cobranding on Consumer Product Evaluations†, Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 22, 1995 Kapferer, J. -N. Reinventing the Brand, Kogan Page, London, 2001 Kapferer, J. -N. , â€Å"Strategic Brand Management†, Kogan Page, London, 1992 Karolefski, John, â€Å"Intel Outside†, www. brandchannel. com, 2001 Keller, K. L. , â€Å"Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Customer- Based Brand Equity†, Journal of Marketing, January 1993, pp. 1-29 Keller, K. L. , Strategic Brand Management: building, measuring, and managing brand equity, Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London, 1998 Keller, K. L. , Strategic Brand Management: building, measuring, and managing brand equity, Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London, second edition, 2003 Kotler, P. et al. , Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall Europe, 1996 Kotler, P. , and Pfoertsch, W. , „B2B Brand Managementâ€Å", Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2006 McCarthy, M. S. , and Norris, D. G. , â€Å"Improving Competitive Position Using Branded Ingredients†, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 8, Nr. 4, 1999, pp. 267-285 Moon, Y. , â€Å"Inside Intel Inside†, Harvard Business Review, October 15, 2002 Norris, Donald G. , â€Å"Ingredient Branding: A Strategy Option with Multiple Beneficiaries†, The Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1992 Park, C. W. , Jun, S.Y. , and Shocker, A. D. , â€Å"Composite Brand Alliances: An Investigation of Extension and Feedback Effects†, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 33, 4, 1996, pp. 453-466 Pfoertsch, W. , and Schmid, M. , „B2B-Markenmanagement: Konzepte – Methoden – Fallbeispieleâ€Å", Franz Vahlen, Munich, 2005 Pfoertsch, W. , and Mueller, J. Die Marke in der Marke Bedeutung und Macht des Ingredient Branding, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2006 Riezebos, Rik, â€Å"Brand Management: A Theoretical and Practical Approach†, Pearson Education Limited, 2003 Simonin, B. L. , and Ruth, J. A. â€Å"Is the Company known by the Company it keeps? Assessing the Spillover Effects of Brand Alliances on Consumer Brand Attitudes†, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 35, February 1998, pp. 30-42 Uggla, H. , â€Å"The Brand Association Base: A Model for Strategically Leveraging Partner Brand Equity†, Unpublished Paper, 2003 Uggla, Henrik, †Managing the Bra nd-Association Base†, Akademitryck AB, Edsbruk, 2000 Uggla, H. , †Organisation av varumarken†, Liber Ekonomi, Malmo, 2001 Uggla, H. , †Varumarkesarkitektur – strategi, teori och kritik†, Liber Ekonomi, Malmo. 001 ———————– [1] Waldemar Pfoertsch – Professor of Business Marketing – CEIBS China Europe International Business School Shanghai – Hongfeng Road Shanghai – 201206, China – Tel: +86(21) 28905662 – [email  protected] edu and Professor of International Business – Pforzheim University – Tiefenbronnerstrasse 65 – 75175 Pforzheim, Germany [2] Johannes Rid, National Sales Manager, Pirelli Tyre Nordic AB, Gustavslundsvagen 141, P. O. Box 14147, 16714 Bromma, Stockholm, Sweden,Tel: +46. 8. 6220850, Fax: +46. 8. 7550941, johannes. [email  protected] et [3] Christian Linder – Research Assistant – Pforzheim Business S chool – Pforzheim University – Tiefenbronnerstrasse 65 – 75175 Pforzheim, Germany – Tel: +49 7231 28-6466, christian. [email  protected] de ———————– Bosch: Expand the legitimate territory Emotional incentives Functional incentives Bosch: Expand value proposition, modify brand personality Bosch: Engineering core com Autoliv: Core competence in car petence safety Partner brand perspective Leader brand perspective Bosch: Cost efficiency (R&D), Short cut to awareness and distribution. Autoliv: Cost efficiency (R&D)Institutional Associations Image Transfer Identity Transfer Customers’ image of the brand Leader Brand Associations e. g. Mercedes-Benz: Enduring Passion [pic]*fgyz}†°S? z  Ã‚ ©? iO?  ©i? i~? i? hM8([email  protected]>zhuT;CJOJ[4]QJ[5]^J[6][email  protected]>zhuT;5? 6? CJOJ[7]QJ[8]? ]? ^J[9][email  protected]>zhuT;5? CJ,OJ[10]QJ[11]^J[12]aJ,mHsH#[email  protected]>zhuT ;6? OJ[13]QJ[14]^J[15][email  protected]>zhuT;0J6? OJ[16]QJ[17]U[pic]^J[18][email  protected]>zhuT;5? CJ,OJ[19]QJ[20]^J[21]aJ,[email  protected]>zhuT;CJ OJ[22]QJ[23]? ^J[24]aJ mHsH. [email  protected]>zhuT;5? CJ OJ[25]QJ[26]? Partner Brand Associations Bosch: Innovation, quality Autoliv: Safety Association base fit

European History (Gender History) Essay

The history of feminism has developed into a major field in recent years. Scholars from many disciplines and writers in many countries explore the ways in which women’s oppression has been represented, discussed, and resisted in the past few centuries. In Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, Burton characterizes her book as a history of `discourse`. Antoinette Burton has revealed the intensity, the extent, the duration, and the complexity of the concern to understand significant but neglected historical extent of the relationship between feminism and imperialism. Until quite recently, feminist discussion and debate was seen fragmentary. In her work, Burton argues that it is possible to construct a more or less continuous history of British feminism, recognizing imperial feminist ideologies. Antoinette Burton developed an immense interest in the relationship between feminism and imperialism. Burton discusses the endorsement of the racism and imperialist ideals by many white feminists, and the assumption by British feminists of their own particular version of the ‘white man’s burden’. This interest in the history of feminism and the sense of its expansiveness has come from a number of different fields. The writer explored the ideas, lives, and activities of feminist writers and activists. The novels of Fanny Burney, Mary Hays, Jane Austen and George Eliot, and the poetry of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, have thus been encompassed within recent discussions of the history of feminism alongside the novels of Sarah Grand, Olive Schreiner and Virginia Woolf. The feminist underpinnings, or the implications for feminism of a range of political, social, and philanthropic ideas and activities have also been examined and explored. Burton stressed the need to recognize the relationship between changing ideas about the women’s role. Burton’s book has served not only to expand but also to transform the history of feminism. It made clear both its immense scope and its complexity. On the one hand, it is now clear that feminist ideas and debates have existed and been elaborated more or less constantly over the last two centuries. On the other hand, the question of feminism itself – of what it means and what it encompasses – has become much more complex. Once feminism meant a concern with gaining equal political and legal rights for women. In Burton’s book, feminism is now seen as at best a small part of what the term covers. In recent literature far more emphasis has been placed on feminist concerns with the sexual oppression of women. They were described as objects of male desire rather than as sexual subjects seeking to articulate and express their own desires. Interrogating the meaning of sexual difference and exploring what it means to be and to live as a woman are major writer’s interests. The book establishes a variety of new challenges for anyone seeking to explore feminist ideas and debates. This is not only because of the changing frameworks. It is also because of changes and new developments which have been brought to the study of history from literary theory and from cultural studies. The shift away from authorial intention towards meaning or readings in discussing literary texts has had a significant impact on thinking about feminism. Antoinette Burton writes about mid-Victorian feminism. She argues that as mid-Victorian feminism was specific in its class base and worked with social and sexual ideals derived from that class, so too it was very specific in its sense of both national and imperial identity. Like Mary Wollstonecraft, many mid-Victorian feminists possessed a powerful sense of themselves, not so much as British, but as English women. This period saw the advent of a new form of imperial feminism. The general sense of the superiority of the West, in terms of the status of its women-which was so central for Mary Wollstonecraft and caused a particular form of ‘feminist orientalism’ – gave way to a specific concern with the status of Indian women. These women were seen as being in particular need and were regarded as the special responsibility of their more enlightened and more fortunate English sisters (29). The close relationship between feminism and philanthropy in the mid-nineteenth century established the framework through which feminism expanded to include imperial projects and ideals. The rate and the importance of imperial expansion in the mid-nineteenth century made the needs of the colonies significant. This occurred almost as soon as the widespread involvement of women in philanthropy came to be accepted. As Antoinette Burton has argued, ‘our magnificent colonies’ became the natural ground for the practice of British women’s philanthropy, offering a whole new range of avenues which provided relief from the constraints on their reform activities at home. Philanthropic work within the colonies also became a source of collective national pride (17). Following on concern about the education of Indian women, British feminists planned a scheme with send trained British ‘lady teachers’ to India to preside over a number of girls’ schools. Feminists’ enthusiasm was effective in raising money, and in interesting British women both at home and in India in the reform of girls’ schooling. After an initial emphasis on sending British women to India, scholarships were provided to train Indian women as teachers as well. The concern about education was followed by one about women’s health. There also was concern about the need for the provision of women doctors to Indian women who would not countenance male doctors. Here too, money was raised both in Britain and in India to provide training, initially for British women, but also for Indian women to become doctors. As Antoinette Burton points out, there was throughout all of this some recognition of the abilities and the achievements of specific Indian women. But overall, the schemes directed towards India were seen as ones necessarily begun and mainly carried out by British women on behalf of their less educated and passively suffering Indian sisters. The whole question of British women in India in the nineteenth century has become the subject of increasing discourse. On the one hand, it is clear that the significant numbers of British women who became immensely concerned about the condition of Indian women should to be revised. These women worked, sometimes quite effectively, to keep alive in the public mind their needs and interests. On the other hand, some of these women came to know and appreciate Indian women, and to make themselves mouthpieces for the goals that Indian women set. Other women both in India and in Britain assumed that their own high level of education and development made them the ones best suited to know what Indian women needed. In general, Antoinette Burton argued that the aims and objectives sought by feminists in Britain set the framework for women’s emancipation everywhere. British feminists regarded themselves as experts on India after a visit. Their campaigns simply involved the application of British programs to the Indian situation. The British feminists who learned about these missionary struggles could only be strengthened in their own sense of moral and racial superiority. That consciousness, as Antoinette Burton has demonstrated in the context of India, contributed significantly to the ‘domestic culture of imperialism’. Unfortunately, feminists who responded by embracing imperialism tended to propagate generalized images of backward and oppressed ‘Oriental’ womanhood. Burton has emphasized the dangers for British feminism in the assumption that a supposedly superior elite among women could speak for the less privileged and fortunate (210). In particular, the desire to emancipate women could easily become a desire to control them. Ultimately, for Burton, each new venture served more fully as a means for British feminists to show their own fitness for political rights and responsibilities through their preparedness and capacity to take on their own particular imperial burden.

How to Write a Good Informative Essay - Paperell.com

How to Write a Good Informative Essay How to Write a Good Informative Essay? What Is An Informative Essay?This type of paper lets a student provide the information on a specific person, object, event, issue, etc. The difference from other types is that this essay doesn’t require to use arguments and convince readers that your position is right. The goal of creating such a paper is to show your skills of gathering knowledge. You should present your knowledge of a subject. It also lets you show your knowledge of grammar rules and the ability to create the content in a proper school or college format. If you need to know how to write an informative essay, read the examples. Other students create a lot of such papers and you are able to read many of them, so pay attention to how they present the information and what methods they use in writing. To create such a paper, you need to do a research. Find necessary knowledge on your topic by studying different books and newspapers, scientific publications, online websites, and other sources. What to keep in mind ? When getting information from them, note the names of these sources and their pages because you will be able to use this notes when writing a reference list for your content. You should be aware that there are many fake or outdated facts, that’s why if you are going to use any fact in your paper, check that it is true and relevant to your document. Fakes are a big issue of the modern Internet and you should know how to avoid them.How To Start An Informative Essay?If you are wondering how to write a good informative essay, you should first understand that gathering knowledge and valid facts from different sources and defining the scope for your paper are the two major first steps that define the success of your work. Then pick the most significant facts that will be presented in your content. If needed, divide them into groups and sort in a specific order. When you have the necessary knowledge, proceed with making the plan and the outline, define the main sections of your pa per and you will be able to fill them with the content. When you have a plan, you are also able to make a schedule of writing this paper. Define the main ideas that you are going to present in your essay – each of these ideas can have its section in your paper, you will be able to show connections and make transitions between sections. Before starting your paper, you should know the requirements. Find out what is the preferred format and citation style, do you need to make a reference list, and what essay writing style do you need to use. You should also define the best way to present the information. You may need to use not only text but also images and tables, figures and diagrams, or media files. If your goal is to provide readers with the knowledge, make it clear and understandable to them.Informative Essay Outline:Writing An IntroductionStart with providing your thesis and describing the background of your essay. Explain why do you write this paper, what is the main topi c and how is it researched, what methods do you use. Show what is the scope of your research, what are your main objectives, and what readers can get from it. To learn how to write informative essay thesis, see examples and read guidelines.How To Write Body For Informative EssayThis is the biggest section in the informative essay structure. If you have a list of main ideas for your essay, sort and group them as sections. Then you will be able to work with each section and fill it with text and other content. Each section can describe your subject from a specific point of view and provide the most significant knowledge on it. Define all things that can be misunderstood by readers and provide their descriptions if needed. Your goal is not to write a bunch of facts about the subjects. If there is a connection between these facts, you should highlight them, you should also show the meaning of these facts and how your main thesis is connected with them directly. Use facts only if you are sure that they are true and have a big meaning for your subject. If there will be a public discussion of your paper, you should be ready to provide proofs for them and explain why did you put these facts into your essay. Watch your grammar and your writing style. It is recommended to check your grammar by using special tools and check your paper for plagiarism. If you don’t know how to write specific words, look in the dictionary.Writing A Conclusion ParagraphIt is also needed to know how to end an informative essay, show there what readers have learned from your paper and how they can use this knowledge. Emphasize the main points of your research in this section.ConclusionWhen writing an argumentative essay, you don’t have to find arguments and prove your position on the topic. Your goal is to gather information and analyze it. You should define the most significant ideas and provide them to readers. You are able to use different ways to make the content more readabl e and provide understandable definitions of words that may not be familiar to your readers. There are many available sources for getting the information. Check all the facts you find if you are going to use only credible information and keep in mind that you should also pay attention to what sources you use. Each section of your paper should present a specific idea and the description of it. You should also sort sections in the right order – it shows that you are able to group information and make transitions between elements. You should prepare to spend much time on searching and reading information because many students need to read dozens of books to get a small fragment of text from them. That is why you should plan your work on your essay. It is a good idea to create a schedule based on the outline of your paper that helps you to complete each section when needed and write your essay on time. Write not only about facts but also about their meaning. Show how they can help in research, why do you think they need more attention, how they can change the current state of knowledge, what is their meaning for the science, and how they are connected with the main ideas of your paper. It helps you to create a well-written paper that will be very helpful and interesting.

Consumer Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consumer Culture - Essay Example This is seen through the way they dress, their behavior, voice, hairstyle, or body characteristics (Edwards & Alexander, 2008). An individual’s identity should not be considered from ones behavior but from the way, others react towards you and the ability to keep on going narrative. This essay will focus on how self-identity has contributed to identity construction in the modern consumer society, and how gender identity is constructed, negotiated and presented within a market place. There will be a discussion on issues of masculinity and how they have contributed to gender identity. The existence of a body as a conduit for intentionality and the role of body image body image self-identity. Body The modern consumer society, which is marked with high reflectivity, is conscious of the heightened need for the construction of individual identity. In the modern consumer, society individuals have learnt how to construct, negotiate and represent their gender identity in a market place (Edwards & Alexander, 2008). The centrality in the reflexivity within the modern consumer society has resulted to individuals’ ability to confront and conceptualize their identities. In their quest for self-identity, they always want to know how they should act, what they should be, and what they need to do regarding their gender roles. These questions about what an individual should do and how to behave are always answered from the day-to-day social interaction. Self-identity is not made up of set characteristics but understanding of self-identity is through reflexivity, which creates an understanding of a person’s biography hence representing him as a social actor who has a consistent sense within self (Edwards & Alexander, 2008). This is evident from the way a person interacts with people and the way in which he represents himself in a social setting for example in a market place. Existence of a body as conduit of intentionality The behavioral theorists have publis hed a lot of work that theorizes the relationship between self and the body. Together with other phenomenologist’s course satire and Merleau Ponty recognizes that, a person’s presence in the world means that there is existence of a body, which is a material thing. For the body to exist the process should be dynamic. Existence means that you should always be in action. A person attains correctness and the fullness of existence if he is always active (Edwards & Alexander, 2008). To exist means to perform, Heidegger and Merleau in their ideas about the body as a conduit for intentionality have reversed Descartes’ claims that the certainty of existence is through relocating the locus from† I think† to â€Å"I can†. Death therefore is a transformation from† I can â€Å"to â€Å"I can no longer do†. This issue of death therefore says that there is no activity because there is no life. The account of bodily existence that was highly art iculated in the theories of feminism meant that although there was that essence of the body, the point of view lived in a different manner for both men and women. There was an assertion that there is lack of significance in the biological facts that bring the difference between men and women (Edwards & Alexander, 2008). The image of the body The image of the body is understood with others depending on the image that they create about a person and this plays a great role in the modern consumer society. Several definitions define the body image. It is

Xipe Totec from Aztec culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Xipe Totec from Aztec culture - Research Paper Example Holistic religion remains the base for the Aztec culture. The Aztec worshiped a collection of gods each of which had a beneficial side and also a detrimental side to the community. The Aztec rulers were seen as intermediaries between the people and the gods. They were held with such high regard that upon their death they would be buried in magnificent tombs which were filled with offerings and gifts. The Aztec belief of life after death is one that is rather captivating. It was believed that after death the people were taken to the underworld which was characterized by sinister objects and sinister gods. It was characterized by the jaguar which was believed to be the god of the night. There are certain elements of the religion, which will be examined further for the purpose of getting more understanding. The Xipe Totec is in focus here. This is one of the many deities, which existed, in the religious life of the Aztec people. This particular deity was in relation to the aspects of li fe and death. The Aztec people believed that it was this particular deity that was responsible for giving the people of the community and the general humanity food. It is also of the essence to note that there are quite a number of things, which this particular deity is credited. An example in this case is that it was this deity that was the inventor of wars that existed in the world. It is also to be noted that the Aztec placed a lot of belief in some of the things that surrounded the religion of the community. ... An example in this case is that it was this deity that was the inventor of wars that existed in the world. It is also to be noted that the Aztec placed a lot of belief in some of the things that surrounded the religion of the community. An example in this case is to do with the skin, which covered the Xipe Totec. In this case, it is put that the skin was perceived to have some curative properties. For example, if a sick person touched it, he or she was believed to be cured in the process. There are also a lot of things which the people in the community could undertake for the purpose of appeasing this deity. An example here is in relation to human sacrifice, which was something that was rather prevalent in the community. One of the ways through the aspect of human sacrifice was realized in the community was through the arrow sacrifice. What happened here is that the person who was going to be sacrificed was shot with many arrows while his body was placed near the deity. This was so t hat his or her blood could spill on the ground near the Xipe Totec. The Aztec offered blood to the gods but not necessarily through death. What they did however, is engage in activities that brought pain to the body for example piercing themselves with sharp objects or mutilating their bodies. At important ceremonies the sacrificed victim’s heart was burned in order to nourish the gods. This was majorly through human sacrifice. Human sacrifice was considered important as it encourages fertility and demonstrated piety. The Aztec offered blood to the gods but not necessarily through death. What they did however, is engage in activities that brought pain to the body for example piercing themselves with sharp objects